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Acute Inpatient Psychiatric Nursing: Section 3 Expert Deep Dives

Instructor-led deck for Ontario AIPU clinical leads: geriatric psychiatry, SMI neurobiology, forensic ethics, rural access, cultural safety, and advanced biological interventions.

Reveal.js local build Speaker notes included Specialty practice lens

Section 3 map

Expert intersections

3.1
Geriatric psychiatry and the 3 Ds
3.2
Serious mental illness and neurobiology
3.3
Forensic and paraphilic management
3.4
Rural health and Project ECHO
3.5
Cultural safety and Indigenous mental health
3.6
ECT, rTMS, and esketamine

Instructor frame

Expert nursing asks better second questions

Novice question

"What diagnosis is this?"

Expert question

"What else could this be, what could be missed, and whose safety or dignity is at stake?"

3.1 Geriatric psychiatry

The 3 Ds overlap at the bedside

FeatureDeliriumDementiaDepression OnsetHours to daysMonths to yearsVariable CourseFluctuatingProgressiveOften episodic AttentionImpairedOften preserved earlyDistractible PriorityMedical emergencyFunction and safetySuicide risk and treatment

3.1

Delirium first: acute brain failure

New confusion in an older adult is a medical red flag, even when the person already has dementia, depression, or a psychiatric diagnosis.

Look
acute change, inattention, disorganized thinking, altered alertness.
Check
infection, pain, dehydration, hypoxia, medication, withdrawal.
Escalate
vitals, CAM if used locally, provider notification, safety.

3.1 Simulation

Doris changes between morning and evening

Morning

Oriented, eating breakfast, follows conversation.

Evening

Picking at sheets, sees something in corner, cannot follow three-step instruction, febrile and tachycardic.

3.1

BPSD: behaviour communicates need

Map

What happened before, during, and after the behaviour?

Validate

Respond to emotion before correcting facts.

Modify

Pain, toileting, hunger, boredom, overstimulation, sleep, sensory aids.

3.2 Neurobiology

Symptoms are signals in a nervous system

Presynaptic neuron
releases messenger
Postsynaptic receptor
receives signal

3.2

Neurotransmitter shortcuts for teaching

Dopamine
reward, salience, psychosis, movement pathways.
Serotonin
mood, anxiety, sleep, pain, serotonin toxicity risk.
GABA / glutamate
inhibition, excitation, anxiety, seizures, cognition.

3.2

Dopamine pathways explain effect and side effect

Mesolimbic
positive symptoms
Mesocortical
negative/cognitive symptoms
Nigrostriatal
EPS and movement
Tuberoinfundibular
endocrine effects

3.2

Stress-diathesis: nursing changes the stress load

Diathesis

Genetic and biological vulnerability.

Stress

Trauma, sleep loss, substances, isolation, coercion, sensory overload.

Milieu, sleep protection, de-escalation, medication support, and discharge continuity can reduce stress load.

3.3 Forensic care

Forensic nursing holds safety and humanity together

Public and milieu safety

Legal status, restrictions, risk history, boundaries, observation, team consistency.

Therapeutic standard

Nonjudgmental care, dignity, recovery orientation, professional boundaries.

3.3

Paraphilia is not the same as paraphilic disorder

The clinical concern is distress, impairment, personal harm, or risk of harm to others, not the nurse's moral discomfort.

Instructor prompt: What language protects safety without shaming the person?

3.3 Ethics roundtable

When a colleague says, "They do not deserve care"

Avoidance

Silence lets stigma shape the milieu and increases risk.

Professional advocacy

Name the standard, protect safety, and offer debriefing for staff reactions.

3.3

Boundary reinforcement is a safety intervention

No secrets
Keep clinically relevant interactions visible to the team.
No personal access
Protect last names, social media, phone, address.
Immediate redirection
Address sexualized or grooming behaviour early.

3.4 Rural access

Geography is a clinical variable

Distance

Travel, weather, cost, separation from family and land.

Capacity

Limited specialists, single-provider towns, ED pressure.

Privacy

Close-knit communities make confidentiality feel fragile.

3.4

OPOP and ECHO solve different problems

OPOP

Psychiatric outreach and consultation support for underserved communities.

ECHO Ontario

Hub-and-spoke learning model that builds local provider capacity.

3.4 Hub and spoke

The goal is local confidence

Specialty hub: psychiatry, nursing, social work, pharmacy, lived experience Spoke: rural ED Spoke: primary care / NP clinic Spoke: community mental health

3.4 Digital bridges

Telehealth changes access, not nursing accountability

Prepare
privacy, consent, technology, emergency backup.
Assess
risk, intoxication, withdrawal, psychosis, local supports.
Plan
handoff, pharmacy, transportation, crisis pathway, follow-up.

3.5 Cultural safety

Humility over competence

Competence trap

"I know this culture."

Humility practice

"I will examine power, listen to this person, and adapt care with them."

3.5 Equity lens

Aki is "non-compliant" only in a narrow frame

Clinical-only view
withdrawn, refuses groups, refuses oral meds
Equity view
remote access gaps, intergenerational trauma, fear of coercion, traditional healing strengths

3.5

Historical trauma can look like mistrust

Suspicion of hospitals, medication, forms, restraint, or authority may be protective learning from personal, family, or collective experience.

Clinical move: validate the barrier before asking for trust.

3.5 Assessment

Culturally safer questions

"How would you describe what is happening right now?"
"Are there cultural, spiritual, family, or traditional supports that are important to your healing?"
"What has made health care feel unsafe before, and what can we do differently here?"

3.6 Advanced interventions

Beyond oral psychotropics

ECT
procedure under anesthesia; seizure induced intentionally
rTMS
non-invasive magnetic stimulation
Esketamine
supervised intranasal treatment with monitoring

3.6 ECT

ECT nursing priorities

Before
consent, NPO/medical prep, baseline cognition, meds, anxiety teaching.
During transfer
identity, safety, handoff, procedure readiness.
After
airway/recovery, vitals, confusion, memory, falls, reorientation.

3.6 rTMS

rTMS is outpatient-friendly, but still protocol-driven

rTMS generally does not require anesthesia, but screening, treatment parameters, seizure-risk review, and symptom monitoring still matter.

3.6 Esketamine

Esketamine is a monitoring workflow

Pre-dose blood pressure, contraindications, sedation/dissociation risk, transportation plan Dosing supervised self-administration per product protocol Post-dose monitor BP, sedation, dissociation, perceptual changes, fall risk Discharge no driving or hazardous activity until the next day after restful sleep, per product guidance

3.6

Pre/post comparison

AssessmentECTrTMSEsketamine VitalsRecovery and anesthesia effectsBaseline and protocol needsBlood pressure before and after CognitionConfusion and memoryHeadache/discomfort, symptom trackingDissociation, sedation, perception SafetyAirway/falls/reorientationSeizure-risk screeningFalls, driving restriction, escort

Section 3 wrap

Expert practice pattern

Differentiate before diagnosing. Teach biology without reducing personhood. Protect boundaries without stigma. Bridge geography. Practise cultural humility. Monitor advanced treatments with precision.

Back to Instructor Slide Library

Section 3 references

Geriatric psychiatry and neurobiology

  1. RNAO. Delirium, Dementia, and Depression in Older Adults: Assessment and Care. https://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/assessment-and-care-older-adults-delirium-dementia-and-depression
  2. Ontario Health. Quality Standard: Dementia. https://www.hqontario.ca/Evidence-to-Improve-Care/Quality-Standards/View-all-Quality-Standards/Dementia
  3. CAMH. Schizophrenia information and treatment resources. https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/schizophrenia
  4. NIMH. Schizophrenia. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia
  5. Canadian Schizophrenia Guidelines. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593252/

Section 3 references

Forensic, rural, and access models

  1. Ontario Review Board. About the ORB. https://www.orb.on.ca/
  2. CAMH. Forensic Mental Health Program. https://www.camh.ca/en/your-care/programs-and-services/forensic-mental-health-program
  3. CNO. Code of Conduct. https://www.cno.org/globalassets/docs/prac/49040_code-of-conduct.pdf
  4. Ontario Psychiatric Outreach Program. https://www.opop.ca/
  5. CAMH. ECHO Ontario Mental Health. https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/professionals--projects/echo-ontario-mental-health
  6. ConnexOntario. https://www.connexontario.ca/

Section 3 references

Cultural safety and Indigenous mental health

  1. Ontario Health. Indigenous Health Equity and Coordination. https://www.ontariohealth.ca/about-us/our-programs/provincial-equity-indigenous-health/indigenous-health-equity-coordination
  2. First Nations Mental Wellness Continuum Framework. https://thunderbirdpf.org/first-nations-mental-wellness-continuum-framework/
  3. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action. https://nctr.ca/records/reports/
  4. RNAO. Embracing Cultural Diversity in Health Care. https://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/embracing-cultural-diversity-health-care-developing-cultural-competence
  5. Mental Health Commission of Canada. Guidelines for Recovery-Oriented Practice. https://mentalhealthcommission.ca/resource/guidelines-for-recovery-oriented-practice/

Section 3 references

Advanced biological interventions

  1. CAMH. Electroconvulsive Therapy information. https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/electroconvulsive-therapy
  2. Health Sciences North. ECT resources. https://hsnsudbury.ca/
  3. Ontario Health Technology Assessment: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression. https://www.hqontario.ca/Evidence-to-Improve-Care/Health-Technology-Assessment/Reviews-And-Recommendations/Repetitive-Transcranial-Magnetic-Stimulation-for-Treatment-Resistant-Depression
  4. CAMH. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation clinical information. https://www.camh.ca/
  5. Health Canada Drug Product Database: Spravato/esketamine product monograph. https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/
  6. Janssen Canada. Spravato product monograph. https://www.janssen.com/canada/